Radiation Safety
Radiation safety is a confusing topic for many physicians and trainees. Although important, most of us do not spend enough time studying or reading about...
Carotid Disease
TIA TIA carries a 5-year stroke risk of 30-50%, and up to 25% stroke risk within first few weeks of TIA episode. However, only about...
Raynaud’s Syndrome
Raynaud’s Syndrome or Phenomenon Thought to be caused by sympathetic nervous overactivity and vasospasm Idiopathic (primary Raynaud’s)– symptoms brought on by emotional stress, temp, caffeine...
Carotid Body Tumor
Carotid body tumors are 75% sporadic and 25% familial. Sporadic CBTs are usually unilateral. Bilateral CBTs suggest familial paragangliomas. In this case, biochemical testing with...
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)
Types of Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD): Medial: Over 90% of FMD are characterized by medial fibroplasia, which is replacement of smooth muscle tissue with myofibroblasts that...
Statin Therapy
Major Clinical Outcomes Statins are the most effective oral medications at lower LDL cholesterol levels (PCSK9 inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies are even more effective, but...
Lymphedema
Lymphedema is a condition where edema is caused by dysfunctional lymphatic system, which can be caused by inherent lymphatic structure deficits or lymphatic destruction. Long...
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Types of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) Neurogenic TOS (nTOS) Most common form of TOS. Inability to complete elevated arm stress test (EAST) is highly suggestive...